In the present experiment, we used event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate the role of immediate and delayed feedback in an artificial grammar learning task.Two groups of participants were engaged in classifying non-word strings according to an underlying rule system, not known to the participants.Visual feedback was provided after each class
IntroductionIncubation of drug-craving refers to a time-dependent increase in drug cue-elicited craving that occurs during protracted withdrawal.Historically, rat models of incubated copyright craving employed extended-access (typically 6 h/day) intravenous drug self-administration (IV-SA) procedures, although incubated copyright craving is reporte
Johanna Vollmar,1 Maren Christina Bellmann,1 Felix Darstein,1 Maria Hoppe-Lotichius,2 Jens Mittler,2 Michael Heise,2 Bernd Rüttger,3 Veronika Weyer,4 Anca Zimmermann,5 Hauke Lang,2 Peter R Galle,1 Tim Zimmermann1 1First Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; 2Department
BACKGROUND: Circadian ( approximately 24 hr) rhythms are generated by the central pacemaker localized to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.Although the basis for intrinsic rhythmicity is generally understood to rely on transcription factors encoded by "clock genes", less is known about the daily regulation of SCN neuronal activi